71
Benito Pérez Galdós, «La sociedad presente como materia novelable», Discursos leídos ante la Real Academia Española en las recepciones públicas del 7 y 21 de febrero de 1897 (Madrid: Establecimiento Tipográfico de la Viuda e Hijos de Tello, 1897), 24.
72
The present study was funded by a fellowship from the American Council of Learned Societies in 1983.
73
«Tres narradores en busca de un lector», in El narrador en la novela del siglo XIX (Madrid: Taurus, 1976), 107-115.
74
The Implied Reader: Patterns of communication in Prose Fiction from Bunyan to Beckett (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1974) and The Act of Reading: A Theory of Aesthetic Response, Johns Hopkins paperback edn. (The Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1980).
75
S/Z, trans. Richard Miller (New York: Hill and Wang, 1974).
76
Jacques Derrida, Of Grammatology, trans. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1976).
77
Benito Pérez Galdós, Obras completas, vol. IV, ed. Sáinz de Robles (Madrid: Aguilar, 1966), p. 1458. All references to Tormento will be from this volume. See Michael Nimetz's comments on this scene in his Humor in Galdós: A Study of the «Novelas contemporáneas», Yale Romanic Studies, Second Series, 18 (New Haven and London: Yale, 1968), pp. 70-1.
78
Iser discusses this term extensively and variously throughout all of his work. See for example, The Act of Reading, pp. 165-9, where we read, among numerous examples: «What is missing from the apparently trivial scenes, the gaps arising out of the dialogue -this is what stimulates the reader into filling the blanks with projections. He is drawn into the events and made to supply what is meant from what is not said» (p. 168); or, «Whenever the reader bridges the gaps, communication begins. The gaps function as a kind of pivot on which the whole text-reader relationship revolves» (p. 169).
79
S/Z, pp. 75-6: «the hermeneutic terms structure the enigma according to the expectation and desire for its solution... Expectation thus becomes the basic condition for truth: truth, these narratives tell us, is what is at the end of expectation».
80
Ferdinand de Saussure, Course in General Linguistics, ed. Charles Bally and Albert Sechehaye, trans. Wade Baskin (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966).