1
Donald L. Shaw, «Referentiality and Fabulation in Nidia Díaz's Nunca estuve sola», in Woman as Witness: Essays on Testimonial Literature by Latin American Women Writers, ed. Linda S. Maier and Isabel Dulfano (New York/Bern/Frankfurt-am-Main: Peter Lang, 2004), 99-111. Nidia Díaz is the pseudonym of Marta Valladares.
2
Carlos J. Alonso, «The Burden of Modernity», in The Places of History. Regionalism Revisited, ed. Doris Sommer (Durham, NC/London: Duke U. P., 1999), 94-103. This essay was meant to predate the publication of the book which is referenced as «in press». As it was, the book appeared first: The Burden of Modernity (New York/Oxford: Oxford U. P., 1998), see in particular v-ix, 45-49.
3
The quotations are taken from Alonso's essay in The Places of History, 94-98. Alonso distinguishes between Spanish-American cultural discourse and literature and posits a specular relationship between them: cultural discourse identifies with modernity and turns away from it, whereas literature critiques modernity, then disavows this stance (The Places of History, 99; The Burden of Modernity, 46-47).
4
Susan Migden Socolow, The Women of Colonial Latin America (Cambridge: Cambridge U. P., 2000), 1.
5
Verena Stolcke, «Invaded Women: Gender, Race and Class in the Formation of Colonial Society», in Women, «Race» and Writing in the Early Modern Period, ed. Margo Hendricks and Patricia Parker (London/New York: Routledge, 1994), 272-86 (p. 285).
6
Ibid.
7
For an overview, see Sueann Caulfield, «The History of Gender in the Historiography of Latin America», Hispanic American Historical Review, 81:3-4 (2001), 449-90.
8
I have studied this shift in gender ideology in «Gendering Latin American Independence: The Textual Construction of Gender», read at the «Gender, Sexuality and Nation» conference, SOAS, University of London, June 2002, and in «The Textual Construction of Gender in Simón Bolívar's Political Writings, Part 2», read at the SLAS annual conference, University of Manchester, April 2003.
9
As Rita Felski argues in a broader context, «the idea of the modern was deeply implicated from its beginnings with a project of domination over those seen to lack [the] capacity for reflective reasoning»
(The Gender of Modernity [Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard U. P., 1995], 14).
10
Niall Ferguson, Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World (London: Penguin, 2004), xxiv.