Vernacular Commentaries and Glosses in Late Medieval Castile, II: A Checklist of Classical Texts in Translation

Julian Weiss

The present checklist is the second in a series devoted to documenting the scope of vernacular commentaries and glosses on Castilian literary and religious texts during the later Middle Ages, a transformative period in the history of vernacular literary culture. Although the vast majority of the works included derive from the fifteenth century, the chronological span of these lists runs from the mid-fourteenth (with Juan García de Castrojeriz's commentary on Aegidius Romanus' De regimine principum) to the end of the post-incunable period (with works such as the parodic commentary on the Carajicomedia, composed 1506-19). The series starts with a checklist devoted to commentaries and glosses on Castilian authors (with entries numbered A1, A2, etc.), such as Juan de Mena, Diego de Valera, Santillana, and Gómez Manrique, some of whom glossed their own works. Manuscripts and printed editions of the classics in Castilian translation are covered in the current list (B), while the third (C) documents 'modern classics' (translations of Aegidius Romanus, Maimonides, Dante, Petrarch, and others), and the fourth (D) deals with commentaries and glosses on patristic and religious works (for example, biblical translations, Augustine, Gregory). The final list (E) documents a small corpus of auxiliary works, such as Villena's Doze de trabajos de Hércules, or Castilian versions of Ovide moralisé and Boccaccio's De genealogia deorum gentilium, which, although not commentaries in the strict sense, constitute models of allegorical exegesis and fundamental mythographic reference tools for the lay reader.

Of course, to say 'commentaries in the strict sense' begs the question of how to define and classify commentary and gloss. Questions of definition and taxonomy are beyond the scope of this study, but something needs to be said about the criteria for inclusion in these checklists. Glossing was such an integral component of medieval translation practice that virtually every vernacular translation will include interpolated glosses in the form of explanatory phrases, sometimes devised by the translator, sometimes translated from interpolated, interlinear or marginal glosses found in the source text¹. My focus is on marginal annotation, whether original or adapted, whether added by the scribe(s) or by later readers. I have set as a somewhat arbitrary minimum texts with at least six glosses. Although some translations have both interpolated and marginal glosses, I exclude translations in which the glossing is solely incorporated into the text itself, as in Seneca's tragedies or certain versions of Boethius's De consolatione². In part, pragmatic considerations determine my focus on marginal glosses. Principally, however, my aim is to provide more documentary evidence for the changing paratextual technologies, methods of ordinatio and textual mise en page that are such an important part of the history of the book and the spread of lay literacy; having said that, however, I have further limited the scope of the project by only recording glosses that perform some explanatory function, and excluding marginalia that serve solely as a running list of auctoritates and topics.

With regard to commentary, for the purposes of this bibliography I have adopted a narrower definition than is sometimes made, particularly in the case of Aristotle. Carlos Heusch's fundamental index of medieval Spanish commentators on Aristotle includes 'tous les auteurs médiévaux espagnols qui ont eu directement affaire à la philosophie aristotélicienne et à son école médiévale' (1991: 157). Hence, he includes the vernacular treatises of Alfonso de Madrigal that are based on various books of the Nicomachean Ethics, such as his Breviloquio de amor y amicicia (1432-7). He classifies this as an 'exposition assez complète des livres VIII et IX de l'Éthique à Nicomacque' (Heusch 1993: 103 n. 55; Campos Souto 2004: 75-82). As Pedro Cátedra explains, the Breviloquio was first written in Latin for Juan II, and the original is indeed described in the preface to the Castilian version as 'latino comento' (Cátedra 1989: 22-39, at 22 n. 17). However, while Aristotle and his commentators constitute the 'hilo conductor' of the Castilian version (Cátedra 1989: 33), the Breviloquio is best allocated to the related genre of the university repetitio, and for that reason I exclude it³. Another example of the porous frontier between commentary and other literary forms is Alonso de Cartagena's Memoriale virtutum. This compendium of Ethics III-VII, translated anonymously into Castilian as Memorial de virtudes, is inspired by the need to adapt the exegetical tradition on Aristotle for non-professional readers, who required a simpler ordinatio: 'las quales [obras] con muchas divisiones e sodivisiones de los glosadores se suelen leer' (Campos Souto 2004: 331; see also Weiss 1990a: 19 n. 39). However, although the intervention of the glossators is described as a hindrance, and the raw material is abridged and rearranged, their influence remains pervasive. As Cartagena goes on to explain: 'todo lo que sin actor escripto aquí leyeres, al Filósofo e a los glosadores d'él (señaladamente a Thomás) atribuye'⁴. It is commonplace for certain commentaries to become independent of the source text and to circulate separately. Nonetheless, to be included here the commentary still needs to be systematically keyed to the target text, even though it may have virtually disappeared from the pages of the book (for example, Nuño de Guzmán's popular compendium of Aristotelian ethics, see B2, below).

The documentation provided here can play a part in many kinds of project. At its most basic, it supplements (and at times corrects) the bibliographical information provided by the Bibliografía Española de Textos Antiguos (BETA). Besides shedding light on the transmission of particular works, it also provides important evidence for studies on the reception of the classics, on the history of translation in both theory and practice, as well as on the historical development of the interdependent categories of 'author', 'book' and 'reader', again on both conceptual and practical levels⁵. The significance of commentaries and glosses for these and other issues has long been recognized, but over the past twenty-five years interest in them has grown in impetus. The scope of the Latin commentary tradition has been plotted and discussed in collaborative projects such as the bibliography of Kristeller and Cranz (1961-2011), or the anthology by Minnis and Scott (1991); attempts have been made to map out a taxonomy of commentary and gloss, with particular attention to their arrangement on the page (for example, Powitz 1979 and Holtz 1995); also now available are various online resources devoted to the commentary tradition on particular authors, such as Boethius and Dante⁶.

In short, though often situated on the margins, commentary and gloss are anything but 'marginal'. Studying them means being aware of connections, between (in no particular order):

1. The text and the experiential, moral, and spiritual world that forms what John Dagenais, in his path-breaking study of the Libro de buen amor, described as the 'larger gloss' (1994).
2. Individual and groups of texts that when gathered together form a 'book'. BNE, MS 3.666, a compilation of works related to political and chivalric works (see below, B9), is just one of many examples of the way scribal glosses can lend a degree of coherence to the entire manuscript⁷.
3. Oral and textual cultures. The intersection between orality and textuality has been noted, for example, by María Morrás, who pointed out how some glosses were a product of collective and collaborative readings, and establish a dialectical relationship, or a dialogue, with readers (2002: 229; see also Round 1993: 211-15). Villalobos's frequent marginal apostrophes to his readers is one example (B13).
4. Biblical exegesis, juridical, and what we now label 'literary' discourses and forms. Various scholars have remarked upon the relationship between vernacular styles of ordinatio and the methods of scriptural exegesis and juridical gloss (for example, Russell 1985: 39-40). In the preface to his Eusebius commentary, Alfonso de Madrigal advised readers that the glossed passages would be signalled by 'vírgulas de bermellón [...] ansí commo se faze en los libros de derecho'. The recent work of Rodríguez Velasco provides a compelling illustration of the link between literature and law (2010, 2011)⁸.
5. Manuscript and book production. Although scribal glosses could be eliminated or incorporated into the text when translations were printed (for example, B6, B15, B18), this was far from being systematic. As Rodríguez Velasco observes, 'crear un manuscrito glosado es una obra de ingeniería' (2010: 252). Textual engineering poses different problems for the typesetter.
6. Reading and literary production and creativity. Commentary and gloss underscore how reading and writing are different points in a dynamic continuum. The margin is a locus of creativity: glosses inspire some writers to experiment with micronarrative (Weiss 1990b). But more than this, the margin 'constituye un solar crítico para potenciar ciertas formas de estudio [...]. La superficie del libro es un sistema para promover el almacenaje cognitivo de los textos, contextos y grupos de ideas que aparecen relacionados en su propia faz' (Rodríguez Velasco 2010: 250, 254). It would be interesting to explore the possibilities and test the limits of this important cognitive approach to programmatic glossing by extending it to the more or less random jottings found in the margins of manuscript and printed books; and, like other aspects of this research, it could usefully be done across the conventional period divide⁹.

• Beardsley: Beardsley (1970). Cited by entry number.
• Catalogus: Kristeller and Cranz (1961-2011).
• BETA: Bibliografía Española de Textos Antiguos, at PhiloBiblon, http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/philobiblon/ (last accessed 23 May 2012).
• BL: British Library.
• BNE: Biblioteca Nacional de España.
• Diccionario: Alvar and Lucía Megías (2002).
• ISTC: Incunabula Short Title Catalogue, http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/istc/ (last accessed 23 May 2012).
• Martín Abad: Martín Abad (2001). Cited by entry number.
• Norton: Norton (1978). Cited by entry number.
• Repertorio: Alvar and Lucía Megías (2009).
• Viña-Liste: Viña-Liste et al. (1991).
• Zarco Cuevas: Zarco Cuevas (1924-9).
• NB. In the following entries, 'author' refers to the author of the commentary or gloss.

• Author: Carlos, príncipe de Viana (1421-61; King of Navarre, 1441-61).
• Date: 1457-8 (Heusch 1993: 100-1).
• Dedicatee: Alfonso V of Aragon (1396-1458).
• Witnesses: Lisbon, Biblioteca Nacional IL 213 (manid 2930); London, British Library, Add. MS 21120 (manid 1613); Madrid, BNE, MSS: 6.984 (manid 3708); 10.268 (manid 2820); Madrid, Biblioteca Real II/ 2990 (manid 2348); Madrid, Biblioteca Real (2-H-7, but whereabouts uncertain, possibly identical to II/ 2990; manid 2347); La philosofia moral del Aristotel, es a saber ethicas, polithicas, y economicas en Romançe (Zaragoza: G. Coci, 1509) [trans. of Politics and Economics are Castilian versions of Leonardo Bruni's translation]¹⁰.
• Notes: Heusch underscores the work's originality; although probably influenced by Alfonso de la Torre, it constitutes the first complete Castilian translation and the first Castilian commentary, notably independent from the Latin annotations that provided the source of other Castilian expositions. Aimed at aristocratic lay readers, it introduced into Castilian new philosophical terms (1993: 102-3; 1996: 30-1). The BL copy (the 'manuscrito regio', Heusch 1993: 101) is an exquisitely ornate vellum manuscript, with glosses transcribed in a ruled space within copious margins, occasionally extending below the central text, and keyed to it by red underlining. Each gloss begins with small decorated initial. A system of suprascript letters is employed in the two other witnesses that I have seen (BNE, MS 10.268, and Zaragoza, 1509). Of academic origin, this method is rarely applied in the vernacular commentaries and glosses described here (but see below, De officiis, B6; Comento a Eusebio B8). Coci's folio edition, 'intended for the more prosperous reader' (Norton 1966: 75; see plate IV), is as concerned with visual appearance as the two manuscripts, with careful distribution on the page and clear spacing between text and gloss. The glosses to Aretino's translations of the Politics and Economics, printed after the Ethics, are merely summaries of key ideas.
• Edition: Heusch (1993), based on Coci 1509.
• Bibliography: for Hispanic commentaries on Aristotle and popularity of the Ethics, see Pagden (1975); Heusch (1990-1, 1991, 1996); and Campos Souto (2004: 60-103). For particular aspects, see Cabré (2000) and Salinas Espinosa (2000). Both Palacio manuscripts illustrated in Domínguez Bordona (1933: I, 470, 473); hand of London, BL manuscript described and illustrated in Gimeno Blay (2009: 339, 360).
• References: BETA texid 1401; Beardsley 18; Martín Abad 117; Norton 629; Repertorio 32-5; Heusch (1991: 175).

• Author: Nuño de Guzmán.
• Date: 1467.
• Dedicatee: Juan de Guzmán, señor de Algaba.
• Witnesses: Barcelona, Arxiu de la Corona d'Aragó Ripoll 161, fols 1r-162v (manid 3368); Cambridge University Library, fols 2r-126r [no shelfmark; MS attributes translation to Cartagena] (manid 1655); Escorial, MS K-II-13, fols ivr-cxxviiiv (acephalous; manid 2192); Madrid, Biblioteca Histórica 'Marqués de Valdecilla' de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, BH MSS 152 (manid 2535); Madrid, BNE, MSS 4.514, fols 1r-88v (manid 1474); 6.710 (manid 1476); 7.076, fols 1r-69v (manid 1475); Oxford, Bodleian Library, Span.d.1 [probably autograph] (manid 1853); Rome, Vatican, Ottob. lat. 2054 (manid 1656), Incunables: Zaragoza: Juan Hurus, 1488-90/91 (manid 2179; ISTC ia00994000); Seville: Meinardus Ungut & Stanislaus Polonus, 1493 (manid 2180; ISTC ia00995000); eighteenth-century copy: Madrid: BNE, MS 1204 (manid 4932; copies Seville, 1493 and attributes work to Cartagena).
• Notes: Nuño de Guzmán's compendium (1467) of Aristotle's moral philosophy, a commentary and translation aimed at noble lay reader. Deeming Bruni's version inappropriate, he adopted the Catalan compendium Barcelona BC, MS 296. The commentary has a juridical perspective, a letrado's view of Aristotle's moral philosophy. Each of the ten books is divided into chapters, which first summarize and then explain the key points (or 'conclusiones'). Prefaced by a synoptic table of contents. An interpretative guide to the meaning of Aristotle's treatise, not as translated by Leonardo Bruni (first into Latin, and then, at Nuño's bequest, into Italian), but on the basis of 'una esplanación en lengua aragonés fabricada e sin escollos' (Pagden 1975: 299-302).
• Bibliography: Russell and Pagden (1974); Pagden (1975: 299-300); Lawrance (1982); Heusch (1996: 23-4); Campos Souto (2004: 91-2, synopsis of previous scholarship).
• References: BETA texid 1294; Beardsley 4 (attributed to Bachiller de la Torre); Repertorio 124-6; Heusch (1991: 162).

• Author: Nicholas Trevet (c. 1257-1334).
• Date: [translation] 1460 ad quem; late fourteenth century (Doñas 2007: 303), Trevet's commentary 1307 ad quem.
• Witnesses: Escorial, MS h-III-16, fols 71r-154r (manid 1468); Santander, Menéndez y Pelayo, M-100A, fols lr-79r (manid 1514); Madrid, BNE, MSS 9.160 (manid 3098); 23.123 (manid 5019).
• Notes: This anonymous version of Trevet's commentary (including the introduction) displays a tendency to 'prune and simplify the original', eliminating as irrelevant much metrical and grammatical detail, and producing 'a paraphrase of the Consolatio interspersed with explanatory passages' (Keightley 1987: 172)¹¹. Keightley noted the reliance on other manuscript scholia, now identified as deriving from William of Aragon's Boethian commentary (late twelfth century), which had been translated into Catalan by Pere Saplana.
• Editions: Pérez Rosado (1992).
• Bibliography: Keightley (1987: 170-2); for influence of William of Aragon, see González Rolán and Saquero Suárez-Somonte (1992) and Olmedilla (1992); MSS description, Doñas (2007: 303-5).
• References: BETA texid 3217.

• Author: Anonymous (for authorship debate, see Repertorio 135-7).
• Date: 1407 ad quem [translation]; glosses c. 1490 ad quem.
• Dedicatee: Ruy López Dávalos (d. 1428).
• Witnesses: BNE, MSS 174, fols 1r-118v, with additional Anotaciones on fols 142r-160v (manid 1512); 10.220, fols 5r-119v (manid 2185); 13.274, fols 1r-95v (manid 3125; glosses partially copied); HSA, MS 371/173, fols 1r-129r (manid 3677).
• Notes: Anticipating that they will not fit in the margins, which he reserves for brief notes (fol. 6r-v, the scribe of BNE, MS 174 removes the longer 'glosas e declaraciones' to a separate section (fols 142r-160v) under the rubric Anotaciones a la Consolación de Boecio, where they will be 'señaladas de bermellón en sus prosas e metros' (fol. 6v). This section begins by picking up the earlier marginal gloss ('ya fue declarado en el margen que esta muger es Philosophía', fol. 142r). BETA attributes these Anotaciones to Morante de la Ventura, cataloguing them as a separate work. BNE, MS 13.274 and HAS, MS 371/ 173 omit some glosses (in the former they stop entirely after fol. 14v), though corresponding text is underlined. With regard to the latter, Cavallero notes that 'una curiosidad del ms. es que el copista suele transcribir glosas en forma de trapecio (9v, 11r, 12r etc.) o de trapecios enfrentados (6r, 13r, 26r etc.)' (1994: 15). The annotation explains references to classical myth and history, geographical and literary allusions, as well as lexical problems, often by reference to the Latin original. Some material derives from Trevet's commentary, though authorities seldom cited, with each scribe selecting and adapting the glosses from a common source. According to Pérez Rosado (1993), the translation and glosses found in BNE, MS 10.220 were by Rodrigo de Arroyal, which is lightly adapted by the scribe of BNE, MS 174.
• Edition: Cavallero (1994), based on BNE, MS 10.220.
• Bibliography: Keightley (1987); Briesemeister (1990); Weiss (1990a: 19-20); González Rolán and Saquero Suárez Somonte (1992); Pérez Rosado (1993, 1994); Cavallero (1994: 12-15, 37-66); Doñas (2007: 306-8; 2010).
• References: BETA texid 1310 [translation]; texid 1663 [Anotaciones]; Faulhaber (1983: II, 652-3); Repertorio 135-7.

• Author: Alonso de Cartagena (but see below).
• Date: c. 1424-c. 1431 (Morrás 1991: 221, where other hypotheses noted).
• Dedicatee: Infante don Duarte (King of Portugal 1433-8).
• Witness: Escorial, MS T-II-12.
• Notes: Bk I only. Cartagena announces that where a word cannot be translated directly, he will gloss it at its first occurrence, 'aunque después se haya de repitir, non se repite la declaración, mas quien en ella dubdare retorne al primero logar donde se nombró, el qual está en los márgines señalado, e verá su significación' (Mascagna 1969: 32). These lexical glosses are absent from the unique manuscript, which includes other marginal apparatus, which may be attributed to Cartagena, the Escorial scribe, or the manuscript source: systematic topic headings (examples of gloss as ordinatio to complement Cartagena's chapter divisions; Morrás 2002: 216), and eight brief explanatory notes, clarifying classical references and occasionally criticizing Cicero when he erred 'como gentil' (Mascagna 1969: 75).
• Edition: Mascagna (1969).
• Bibliography: Mascagna (1969: 11-13); for cultural significance of translation, Di Camillo (1988: 67-70).
• References: BETA texid 1446; manid 1682; Morrás (1991: 221); Repertorio 55-67.

• Author: Anonymous, scribal, and readers.
• Date: of translation: 1422.
• Dedicatee: of translation: Juan Alfonso de Zamora.
• Witnesses: Madrid, BNE, MS 7.815, fols 30r-143v (manid 1679); Escorial, MS M-II-5, fols 1r-116v (manid 1681); BL, MS Harley 4796, 2r-94r (manid 2656). The following two manuscripts lack significant marginal glosses: Palma de Mallorca, Bartolomé March, MS 282 (olim 20/4/1; manid 1522; single gloss on fol. 40r); Madrid, Palacio Real, MS 1.785 (manid 1680; three scribal glosses; Morrás 1996: 103, 104). No marginal glosses in Seville: Juan Pegnitzer and Magno Herbst, 1501. These three witness incorporate glosses in text (see below).
• Notes: The three most relevant manuscripts are mid to late fifteenth century: Madrid, BNE, MS 7.815 'numerosas glosas en los márgenes, del copista y de otras cuatro manos diferentes' (Morrás 1996: 102); Escorial, MS M-II-5: 'Las glosas al margen en la misma letra del texto están marcadas por calderones. Son muy abundantes en el Libro I de De officiis, pero apenas se encuentra alguna en el resto del ms. En su gran mayoría son correcciones al texto o pequeños resúmenes' (Morrás 1996: 105); BL, MS Harley 4796: De officiis has significant and varied annotation: (a) extensive Latin glosses on a passage translated independently in order to fill a lacuna in the source manuscript (fols 16v-17v); (b) Castilian notes by two sixteenth-century readers; (c) sixteenth-century glosses comprising extracts from Latin original, linked to the translation using lower case letters (Morrás 1996: 107). Some glosses are common to the manuscripts and the 1501 edition, usually placed in the margins in BNE, MS 7.815, but incorporated into the text in the other witnesses. They derive from a common source, where they were probably placed in the margins; glosses result from corrections made in process of translation, interventions of later readers, and translated annotation found in manuscripts of Latin source (Morrás 1996: 188-91; see also 126-7, 129, 135, 137, 140, 142).
• Edition: Examples in Morrás (1996), critical apparatus and index, s. v. 'glosas'.
• Bibliography: MS descriptions: Morrás (1996: 101-10); for analysis, see notes above.
• References: BETA texid 1445; Beardsley 17; Martín Abad 408; Norton 719; Diccionario 95-7; Repertorio 55-67; Morrás (1991: 219-20).

• For details, see De officiis, the companion text in all but one of the witnesses decribed below:
• Witnesses: Madrid, BNE, MS 7.815, fols 1r-29v; Escorial, MS M-II-5, fols 126v-155v; BL, MS Harley 4796, fols 96r-118r; Seville: Juan Pegnitzer and Magno Herbst, 1501. The only manuscript to include just De senectute is BNE, MS 2.617 (manid 1528): 'no hay apenas glosas' (Morrás 1996: 108).
• References: BETA texid 3665; Morrás (1991: 219).

• Author: Alfonso de Madrigal.
• Date: 1449/50 (translation); 1450 a quo (commentary; Viña-Liste 79, n. 213).
• Dedicatee: Íñigo López de Mendoza, marqués de Santillana (1398-1458).
• Witnesses: of translation of Chronici canones: BNE, MS 10.811 (manid 1953); of Madrigal's commentary (in four sets): (a) Lisbon, Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal, IL 117-21 (manid 1941, 1947-9, 1942) = Parts I-V (VI incomplete); (b) Salamanca, Biblioteca Universitaria, MSS 2479-83 (manid 2545, 4084-7); (c) Salamanca, Biblioteca Universitaria, MSS 2485-9 (manid 2546, 3400, 4080-3; a copy of b); Madrid, BNE, MSS 10.808-10, 10.812 (manid 1943-6); Salamanca, Hans Gysser, 1506-7, 5 parts in 3 vols (possibly based on b).
• Notes: In 1449-50 Madrigal dedicates to Santillana his translation of the Chronici canones with Prospero's additions (unique BNE, MS 10.811). He describes the chronicle as a historiographical commentary: 'non solamente es ystoria mas es llave et glosa [...] de todas las ystorias' (Schiff 1905: 42). The translation is prefaced by an important excursus on the two forms of translation: 'interpretación' (word for word, which is more authoritative) and 'exposición o comento o glosa' (a clearer, amplificatory style, apt for lay readers; it should be considered the work of the 'glosador' not the 'autor'). Madrigal announces that his own commentary will be placed after the translation: 'con su comento e exposición de las cosas escuras, la cual por sí es en fin de la traslación' (fol. 1r, quoted from Schiff 1905: 41). He adds that the glossed passages will be signalled by 'vírgulas de bermellón [...] ansí commo se faze en los libros de derecho'. A Latin version of this vast commentary had been started c. 1436, but was apparently not completed¹². The Castilian Comento o exposición de Eusebio, also left incomplete at the author's death, is clearly aimed at the lay reader: limited to a succinct clarification of the work's obscurities ('quanto abastase para poder conprehender la entención de la letra de Eusebio', Schiff 1905: 44), it avoids detailed exposition of doctrinal content, which is reserved for the Latin commentary, since the vernacular cannot express conceptual complexity. The commentary entails copious exposition of cosmography, biblical and classical history, but above all classical myth (mainly euhemeristic, with occasional allegorical interpretation). It constitutes 'a vital stage in the development of vernacular mythography in Spain', which draws heavily on Boccaccio's Genealogiae (Keightley 1977: 225-6). The Salamanca set (b) is autograph, and the Madrid set was copied under Madrigal's supervision, with some autograph rubrics and annotation (also in BNE, MS 10.811, the MS of the translation). The Salamanca autograph shows Madrigal attempting to link text and commentary by a system of graphic symbols. This system is absent in the printed edition, which consolidates the commentary's encyclopedic value by concluding with his Libro de las diez questiones vulgares propuestas al Tostado, an exposition of selected classical myths.
• Bibliography: transcription of prefaces to translation and commentary: Schiff (1905: 40-5); for general overview, dating, mythography and relation to Latin commentary, see Keightley (1977, 1986, 2005: 388-90); on Comento as source for translation and poetic theory, see Kohut (1977); Russell (1985: 30-3); Weiss (1990a: 84-5, 120, 126); Fernández Vallina (1998); Hernández González (1998: 72-105); Wittlin (1998); Recio (1991, 2005).
• References: translation of Chronici: BETA texid 1617; of Comento: BETA texid 2597; Martín Abad 1479; Norton 549; Diccionario 153-67; Repertorio 88-91; Heusch (1991: 168-9).

• Author: Gonzalo de Córdoba, scribe.
• Date: late fifteenth century? (translation c. 1442).
• Dedicatee: of translation, Juan II (1405-54).
• Witnesses: BNE, MS 3.666, fols 1r-19v; BETA records six other manuscripts (five fifteenth-century and one eighteenth-century), but notes 'Muchas glosas en latín y castellano' only in this; ditto González Rolán and del Barrio (1985: 59-61; 1996: 58); no glosses in Valladolid: Arnao Guillén de Brocar, 1519.
• Notes: Mena's translation already incorporated marginal or interlinear glosses that accompanied his source text of the Ilias latina. According to González Rolán and del Barrio, 'en el [manuscrito] que utilizó Mena el texto latino de la Ilias iba "adornado" con gran cantidad de glosas marginales e interlineales escritas también en latín', which Mena adapted, along with his own parenthetical glosses, according to conventional translation practice (1985: 68-9, 73-4; repr. 1996: 68-78). These scholars also report marginal notes 'de letra muy parecida a la de la obra, pero con distinta tinta' (1985: 60). However, other texts on political and chivalric topics copied by Gonzalo de Córdoba are also glossed, to varying degrees: translations of Lucian's Comparación entre Alejandro y Aníbal y Escipión (fols 20r-22v); Alain Chartier's Quadrilogue invectif (fols 30r-47v); Leonardo Bruni's Contra los hipócritas (fols 48r-53r); and the Cuestión sobre el acto de la caballería by Santillana and Cartagena (fols 22v-30r)¹³. The glosses mainly point out notabilia, with occasional textual paraphrasing. Castilian and (fewer) Latin glosses written at different stages (occasionally cramped together or overlap; slight variation in ink and letter form); glossed words underlined in red, repeated in margins. Throughout the manuscript the glossator shows juridical training (frequent abbreviations, references to 'los jurisconsultos', 'juristas', Siete partidas); he also cites Santillana's Proverbios and remarks that Homer was a common authority for Aristotle.
• Editions: González Rolán, del Barrio Vega, and López Fonseca (1996). BNE glosses not printed by editors of texts included in manuscript.
• Bibliography: González Rolán and del Barrio (1985: for manuscripts see pp. 59-67); Serés (1997).
• References: BETA texid 1651; manid 1925; Diccionario 678-80; Repertorio 168-70.

• Author: Anonymous.
• Date: 1458 ad quem.
• Witness: Madrid, Real Academia de la Historia, 9-5531. BETA lists three other fifteenth-century manuscripts, apparently without glosses.
• Notes: Numerous and systematic marginal notes by fifteenth-century reader, mainly two or three lines. Glossed phrase underlined in red and repeated in margin. 'La trad. parece ir unida a un breve comento con elementos de tipo anacrónico. Glosas. Notas marginales de un lector cuatrocentista' (Gómez Moreno, BETA).
• References: BETA texid 2378; manid 3518. Translation not registered in Repertorio.

• Author: Anonymous.
• Date: fifteenth century.
• Witness: Seville, Biblioteca Capitular y Colombina, 5-5-16, fols 2r-62r.
• Notes: Pace BETA, this translation is apparently not identical to the version translated as El Bursario by Juan Rodríguez del Padrón, which is included in Madrid, Biblioteca Real, II/ 2790 (manid 4596), and BNE, MS 6.052, fols 55v-129r (manid 1425). Descriptions of the Colombina manuscript refer to numerous marginal glosses (BETA, Paz y Melia 1884: xxx; Sáez Guillén 2002: I, 257-8). Saquero Suárez-Somonte and González Rolán also describe this manuscript and conclude that it contains a unique Castilian version of the Heroides (1984: 45), but give no indication of the nature or contents of the numerous glosses¹⁴.
• Bibliography: Saquero Suárez-Somonte and González Rolán (1984: 45). I know of no studies of this version.
• References: BETA texid 1738 (= El Bursario, not the Colombina translation); manid 2116.

• Author: Pero Díaz de Toledo.
• Date: c. 1447 (1458 ad quem, Viña-Liste 108, n. 353).
• Dedicatee: Íñigo López de Mendoza, marqués de Santillana (1398-1458).
• Witnesses: Madrid, BNE, Vitrina 17-4, fols lr-59r (manid 2827); Santander, Menéndez Pelayo M-96 (= 36), fols 2r-73v (manid 1731; no glosses); Salamanca, Biblioteca Universitaria, MS 2614 (manid 3248). Two sixteenth-century copies without glosses (Round 1993: 205-7).
• Notes: The two glossed manuscripts (Madrid and Salamanca) include just over thirty marginal glosses on text and prefatory material. 'Half a dozen are mere pointers to passages deserving of attention [...]. Others explain, not always reliably, minor aspects of the historical [or] mythological background [...]. But the purpose most frequently at work is to set readers right on points of doctrine where Plato's text seems to run counter to Christian teaching' (Round 1993: 126-7), with Aristotle used to correct Plato's beliefs about transmigration. The revisions and additions to the Salamanca glosses indicate Díaz de Toledo's greater concern with doctrinal impact and the distinction between Christian and pagan belief. Díaz de Toledo also produced for Santillana the Castilian version of pseudo-Plato, Axiochus, which is unglossed.
• Editions: Round (1993) based on BNE, Vitrina 17-4, luxury vellum manuscript belonging to Santillana.
• Bibliography: Round (1978-9; 1993: 15, 126-9, 201-3); on the Santander manuscript, see Garruchaga Sánchez (1997a).
• References: BETA texid 1468; Repertorio 76-82.

• Author: Francisco López de Villalobos.
• Date: 1515 ad quem.
• Dedicatee: 'Primogénito del conde de Osuna': Garci-Fernández Manrique, who became third Count of Osorno in 1515.
• Witness: Editio princeps, Alcalá, Arnao Guillén de Brocar, 1517. The explicit 'De Calatayud, en 6 de octubre de 1515 años' produces the bibliographical ghost listed by Castro (1871: xxiii). Subsequently incorporated into the compilation of the translator's works, Los problemas de Villalobos (Zamora, 1543, with later reprints), which contains other poems composed and glossed by Villalobos (post 1520).
• Notes: 'Agora en nuestros tiempos han trabajado de corregir y glosar al Plauto quatro hombres que en todo género de doctrina fueron los mayores sabios de toda Ytalia, conviene saber: Hermolao Barbaro, cardenal de Aquileya, y Angelo Policiano, Filipo Beroaldo, y Merula'. Translation will (amongst other things) help students to understand the ancient style, which is 'inusitado, muy fragoso y muy áspero', and 'los passos y dichos notables [...] se verán por mi mano notados en la margen' (quoted from Zaragoza: Coci, 1544, fols 50v-51r). Translator's glosses (headed 'Villalobos') are awkwardly crammed into a narrow marginal column, and occasionally extend around the double column of text. Each begins 'Allí donde dize [...]'; mainly moralizing comments, addressing reader in familiar tone, with rare learned authorities, other than occasional references to 'la glosa' (criticized in one passo 'porque no lo entendió el que glosó la comedia en latín; otros muchos entendió y muchos glosó que están muy claros y muchos dexó de glosar que no se pueden bien entender' (1544: 61r). Followed by ten 'sentencias', or brief discourses, on the nature of love, which serve as an additional 'declaración dela postrera cena y capítulo desta comedia' (66r-71v), and which link thematically to the other medical and moral works in the volume.
• Editions: Castro (1871: 462-93); Granjel et al. (2004) includes facsimile of Zaragoza, 1544.
• Bibliography: Fabié y Escudero (1886: 159, 161-71); Quintero (1990: 237-41).
• References: BETA 4126; manid 4188; Beardsley 20; Martín Abad 1239; Norton 51.

• Author: Anonymous.
• Date: mid-fifteenth century?
• Witness: BNE, MS 8.822.
• Notes: According to the rubric on fol. 60r (not noted by BETA), the first two books were translated by Decembrio, and the third by Bruni. The anonymous scribe includes about half a dozen marginal notes giving modern names of places mentioned in the text. It is possible that they derive from the source text.
• References: BETA texid 2567; manid 3096. Translation not registered in Repertorio.

• Author: See below.
• Date: 1438-56 (Viña-Liste 130, n. 469), 1454 (BNE, MS 8.549 colophon).
• Witnesses: BNE, MSS 8.549, fols 1r-352r (manid 1559); 10.140, fols 1-281 (manid 2797); uncertain whether glosses also in BNE, MSS 7.565, fols 16r-170r (manid 3280), 9.220 (manid 1866); Madrid, Biblioteca Real, II/ 1290 (manid 2349); Seville, Meinardus Ungut and Stanislaus Polonus, 1496.
• Notes: Two manuscripts consulted contain marginal glosses: (a) in BNE, MS 8.549, copied in 1454 by Tomás de Lira, alamán, annotation begins on fol. 39r (i. e. Bk IV, ch. 1 of the translation) and continues throughout the manuscript, which also contains Martín de Ávila's Castilian version of Decembrio's Comparación de Gayo Julio César [...] e de Alixandre Magno (fols 353r-367r). The marginal glosses are numerous on the Historia, but very few on the Comparación. Probably in the same hand as the text, though in smaller script, they draw attention to key episodes, 'dichos notables', and moral points (for example, 'no basta ser onbre virtuoso sy non es en tienpo de rey que ame la virtud e la prescie', fol. 40v). There are also geographical, biographical, and terminological notes (for example, 'espadones son esclavos castrados', fol. 106v). There are more marginalia in a later hand; (b) BNE, MS 10.140 contains the same texts, and also has scribal glosses (notabilia, lexical and historical notes), but I have not been able to compare them with those of BNE, MS 8.549. It is possible that some of this annotation may derive from Decembrio's explanatory rubrics and interpolations, often found in manuscripts of the Italian translation. According to Bravo García, the Seville 1496 edition (which I have not seen) is characterized by 'la poda sistemática' of Decembrio's apparatus (1977: 173).
• Bibliography: On Decembrio's versions of Plutarch and Quintus Curtius in Spain, see Bravo García (1977); for BNE, MS 10.140 see Schiff (1905: 146-9), and González Rolán et al. (2002: 214).
• References: BETA texid 1568; ISTC ic01007000; Beardsley 12; Repertorio 130-2.

• Author: Francisco Vidal de Noya.
• Date: 1493 ad quem (Viña-Liste: 170, n. 687).
• Witnesses: Valladolid: Juan de Burgos, 1500 (manid 2223); there is one manuscript of the Catalinario translation (Sant Cugat del Vallès, Biblioteca Borja, MS C, manid 3976), the editio princeps includes both works (Zaragoza: Pablo Hurus, 1493; manid 2222); neither contain glosses. Sixteenth-century editions: Valladolid: Arnao Guillén de Brocar, 1519; Logroño: Miguel de Eguía, 1529; Medina del Campo: Pedro de Castro, 1548; Antwerp: Martín Nucio, 1554. In Nucio's small format edition (1554), the glosses have been removed to form a repertorio de muchas sentencias which serves as an index.
• Notes: Carrera de la Red notes that the 'numerosas apostillas' in the margins of Valladolid 1500 are symptomatic of humanist fascination with 'los orígenes de la propia nación, las consecuencias de los actos humanos, ejemplos de conductas', anticipating by three decades Melanchton's Adnotationes on Sallust (2008: 93). They seem to me, however, to be mainly sententious in nature. Norton records marginalia in the 1519 edition. I have not verified the 1529 and 1548 editions.
• Bibliography: Carrera de la Red (2008) on Vidal, and (2003) on sixteenth-century commentators.
• References: Catilinario: BETA texid 3269; Jugurtha: BETA texid 3270; ISTC is00086500 (Valladolid 1500); Beardsley 8; Martín Abad 1379; Norton 1329; Catalogus 8: 183-326 (for medieval Latin glosses and commentaries, see 193-6); Repertorio 223-5.

• Author: Alonso de Cartagena.
• Date: 1430-4.
• Dedicatee: Juan II (1405-54).
• Witnesses: Given the complexity of the manuscript and printed tradition which transmits different numbers of treatises in various combinations, a complete list of the forty-five witnesses will not be provided here. For a full account, with tables of suggested manuscript groupings, see Round (2002); Diccionario (98-114); and Ruiz García (2004: 77). The treatises translated by Cartagena are (in possible chronological order, and with BETA texid and number of witnesses):
  • Copilación de algunos dichos de Séneca [selective translation of Tabulatio et expositio Senecae, a florilegium compiled by Luca Manelli, 1347-52], texid 2648 (28); and an independent adaptation labelled Título de la amistanza o el amigo, texid 3034 (5; only four according to Olivetto 2011: 131).
  • El primero de Providencia de Dios [De Providentia], texid 2644 (33).
  • Libro de la clemencia, 2 books [De clementia], texid 2645 (24).
  • El segundo de Providencia de Dios [De constantia sapientis], texid 3030 (23).
  • Libro de las siete artes liberales [Epistula ad Lucilium 88], texid 2646 (29).
  • Amonestamientos y doctrinas [= De legalibus institutis, an anthology of aphorisms], texid 2647 (31).
  • Libro de la vida bienaventurada [combines De vita beata and De otio], texid 2366 (29).
• Later, and of uncertain chronology:
  • Libro de las declamaciones [Declamationes by Seneca the Elder], texid 3031 (23).
  • Libro de los remedios contra Fortuna [De remediis fortuitorum], texid 2657 (16).
  • Libro de las quatro virtudes [Formula vitae honestae by Martín de Braga], texid 3032 (8)¹⁵.
  • Cinco libros de Séneca [De la vida bienaventurada, De las siete artes liberales, De amonestamientos y doctrinas, El primero de Providencia de Dios, El segundo de Providencia de Dios] printed five times between 1491 (Seville: Ungut and Polono) and 1551 (Antwerp: Juan Steelsio)¹⁶.
• Notes: Possibly the first glossed translation of this project, the Copilación, reproduces, and occasionally supplements, Luca Manelli's glosses on the Tabulatio (Blüher 1983: 135; Olivetto 2011: 115-16), but subsequent commentaries are independent, notwithstanding intertextual links with other vernacular Senecan commentaries and adaptations (Zinato 1995: 410-11; Martínez Romero 1996). Cartagena also cross-referenced his own glosses (Morrás 1996; Round 2002: 130; Olivetto 2011: 117-18). Annotation and prefaces (often influenced by the accessus) reconcile contradictions, clarify obscurities, and identify passages that trouble Christian doctrine, notably concerning Fate and suicide. Cartagena aimed for concision, 'contando brevemente quanto bastava a la declaración de la letra' (Cinco libros, Alcalá: Miguel Eguía, 1530, fol. 37v). Some glosses amplified after discussion at court: 'añadiéronse a las glosas algunas adiciones en los lugares donde el señor rey mandó' (Cinco libros, fol. 89r; or which see Olivetto 2011: 114-15). Thus, 'se percibe un claro propósito de acomodar el tratado a la imagen de un príncipe cristiano' (Ruiz García 2004: 74; Blüher 1983: 135). There are no broad studies of the arrangement of text and gloss in the manuscripts, which vary considerably in format and quality (but for two examples of scribal practice, see Garruchaga Sánchez 1997b and Gimeno Blay 2009: 340, 363). The most ornate parchment manuscript (Salamanca, Universitaria, 201) omits the glosses 'no doubt for fear of spoiling the decorative effect' (Round 2002: 139). The Diccionario entry (by Morrás) records marginal annotation in eight manuscripts, added by scribes or fifteenth- and sixteenth-century readers, including Queen Isabel (Escorial, MS T-III-4)¹⁷. The editio princeps and subsequent editions ensure clarity by enclosing a glossed word in parenthesis, repealing it (with abbreviation if necessary) in margins, in the same size typeface. Glosses printed in smaller text in left and right-hand margins of the opening, occasionally extending around the central text in upper and lower margins.
• Edition: of Títolo de la amistança: Olivetto (2011).
• Bibliography: General overview: Impey (1972); Blüher (1983: 133-48); Fothergill-Payne (1988: 11-24, 26-38); Weiss (1990a: 82-3, 124-5, 132-3); Ruiz García (2004: 70-5); Olivetto (2011: 93-128); as evidence for Cartagena's literary attitudes: Kohut (1977), and Weiss (1990b: 110-12), appropriately qualified by Morrás (1996: 55 n. 106); on glosses and translation technique: Morrás (1996: 55-60), and Round (1998); on manuscript tradition and dating: Morrás and López Casas (2001), and Round (2002); on political and cultural aspects: Round (1991), and Fernández Gallardo (1994); codicological and palaeographic studies: Sánchez Garruchaga (1997b; unreliable), and Gimeno Blay (2009: 340, 363).
• References: BETA, see above for individual works; ISTC is00374000; Beardsley 6; Martín Abad 1417; Norton 1057; Diccionario, 98-114; Repertorio, 55-67; Morrás (1991: 221-3).

• Author: Anonymous.
• Date: translation 1458 ad quem.
• Dedicatee: commissioned by Fernán Pérez de Guzmán (c. 1378-c. 1460).
• Witnesses: Cambridge, Trinity College Library, R. 16. 32/ vac. (manid 2264); Escorial, MSS S-II-6 (manid 1730); S-II-9 (manid 1594); T-I-10 (manid 1595); T-III-8 (manid 1596); Madrid, BNE, MSS: 8.368 (manid 3089); 9.215 (manid 3141); 9.443 (manid 3104); 10.806, fols 1r-88r (manid 2078); 22.661 (manid 3652); Madrid, Biblioteca Real, II/ 2906, fols 215v-228v (manid 2959); Palma de Mallorca, Fundación Bartolomé March, 19/5/2 (manid 1593); Rome, Vatican, Lat. 7625 (manid 2958); Valladolid, Biblioteca Histórica de Santa Cruz, 337 (manid 2602)¹⁸. There are no glosses in the printed versions of this translation (Zaragoza: Pablo Hurus, 1496; manid 1745), with four editions to Antwerp, 1551.
• Notes: There are two fifteenth-century Castilian translations of this selection of seventy-five epistles. The most important version, which is glossed, was commissioned by Fernán Pérez de Guzmán, and based on the Italian translation of the French version (1308), occasionally checked against the Latin original; the other (BNE, MS 8.852; manid 3097) derives from a Catalan adaptation of the French. Zinato finds identical scribal glosses in eight of his nine witnesses (Biblioteca Real, II/ 2906 being the exception). The marginal apparatus, linked to the text by underlining, includes brief explanatory notes and more discursive moral gloss, for example indicating where Seneca departs from Christian teaching. Mainly patristic sources. Noting similarities with the moral verse of the patron, Zinato suggests that 'le glosse (o la loro scelta) furono ispirate da Pérez de Guzmán' (1995: 426). Glossing is unique to the Castilian and Catalan versions. Besides scribal glosses, Escorial, MS S-II-9 has annotation attributed to Isabel la Católica (Zarco Cuevas II: 382; illustration in Fothergill-Payne (1988: 19).
• Bibliography: For Iberian translations and transmission see Zinato (1992) and Ruiz García (2004: 69-70); for glosses, and their connections to those by Cartagena and Díaz de Toledo see Zinato (1995); translation tentatively attributed to Díaz de Toledo by Rodríguez Velasco (1991); for Catalan glosses and commentary in BNE, MSS 9.562 and 9.152 see Martínez Romero (1998: 36, 41-53).
• References: BETA texid 1470; Beardsley 13; Martín Abad 1418, 1419; Norton 1024, 1059; Repertorio 194-8.

• Author: Pero Díaz de Toledo.
• Date: c. 1445 (but predates Díaz de Toledo's gloss on Santillana's Proverbios; Round 2002: 144 n. 11).
• Dedicatee: Juan II (1405-54).
• Witnesses: fifteenth-century manuscripts (16): Barcelona, Biblioteca de Catalunya, 880 (manid 3695); Barcelona, Biblioteca de Catalunya, 980 (manid 1733); Escorial, MSS N-II-7 (manid 1736); S-II-10 (manid 1744); T-III-9 (manid 1738); T-III-10 (manid 1737); Madrid, Lázaro Galdiano, 320 (manid 1732); Madrid, BNE, MSS 6.724 (manid 3348); 9.964 (manid 3349); 17.803 (manid 3064); 18.066 (manid 3347); Madrid, Biblioteca Real, II/ 92 (manid 3179); II/ 614 (manid 1734); Parma, Biblioteca Palatina, 2666, fols 121r-37r (manid 4476; aljamiado); Ripoll, Biblioteca Pública Lambert Mata, 17 (manid 5110); Salamanca, Biblioteca Universitaria, 1848 (manid 2524). Printed editions (10): Zamora: Antonio de Centenera, 1482 (manid 1739; ISTC is00405000); Zaragoza: Juan [or Pablo] Hurus, 1491 (manid 1740; ISTC is00406000); Seville: Ungut & Polono, 1495 (manid 1741; ISTC is00407000); Toledo: Pedro Hagenbach, 1500 (manid 1742; ISTC is00407500); Seville: Johann Pegnitzer von Nürnberg & Magnus Herbst, 1500 (manid 1743; ISTC is00408000); Seville: Jacobo Cromberger, 1512; Seville: Jacobo Cromberger, 1528, 1535; Antwerp: Juan Steelsio, 1552; Medina del Campo: Guillermo de Millis, 1552.
• Notes: The popular school text by Publilius Syrus was organized alphabetically. A few manuscripts (for example, Barcelona Catalunya, 880, 980, and Escorial, MS N-II-7) include the original Latin (thus preserving the alphabetical structure), and a prefatory index. The glosses supply a host of auctoritates, notably patristic, the Bible, and Aristotle's Ethics, occasionally pointing out where 'Seneca' diverges from Christian teaching. Blüher's characterization ('una nebulosa interpretación moralizante' 1983: 149) overlooks the political aims outlined in preface, which explains how text and gloss combine to create a rex litteratus with morally reflective subjects. While the 'sentencias breves e compendiosas' sharpen the intellect, the glosses provoke meditative reading ('por que más se entiendan, o más verdaderamente fablando, por que hayan causa de pensar qué más querrán'; 1495: fol. 1v). The meditative function is facilitated by the layout of printed editions, which print the proverbs and glosses consecutively, in two columns, distinguished only by the size of the typeface.
• Bibliography: General assessment and popularity, see Round (1972); Blüher (1983: 148-50); Fothergill-Payne (1988: 17-24, 38-41, glosses in Zaragoza 1491 illustrated on p. 20); Ruiz García (2004: 75).
• References: BETA texid 1469; Beardsley 1; Martín Abad 1412; Norton 820; Repertorio 76-7.

• Authors: Multiple, see below.
• Dedicatee: (of Zamora's translation) Fernando Díaz, Arcediano de Niebla.
• Date: Castilian translation: 1416-34 (BETA); begun 1418-19 a quo, prologue 1422 (Avenoza 1997).
• Witnesses: Barcelona, Biblioteca de Catalunya, 518 (manid 2250); Escorial, MSS: h-I-10 (manid 1552; copy owned by Isabel la Católica); h-I-11 (manid 1554); h-I-12 (manid 1553); Madrid, BNE, MSS 2.208 (manid 1869); 9.132, fols 3ra-214ra (manid 2300); 10.807 (manid 2822); Madrid, Real Academia de la Historia, 9/5468 (manid 3517); Madrid, Real Academia Española, 105 (manid 4501); Madrid, Biblioteca Real, II/ 3086 (manid 3260); New York, Butler Library, Columbia University Lodge, 13 (manid 2848); Seville, Biblioteca Capitular y Colombina, 5-5-3 (manid 2401).
• Notes: Addressing his lay readers ('los que no son gramáticos'), Canals noted that the amplificatory style of his source was rendered even more opaque because of the interpolated glosses: the work was 'casi confuso, entremesclado glosas con el testo' (Zamora's translation; BNE, MS 10.807, fol. 2r; also in Escorial, MS h-I-11, fol. 2r). Nonetheless, Canals retains certain essential interpolated explanations, which are transmitted to Zamora's translation. The Castilian version then acquires marginal annotation: in the three manuscripts that I have seen (BNE, MS 10.807; Escorial, MSS h-I-11 and h-I-12), the numerous glosses are mainly brief and draw attention to the 'notables cosas' which Canals had mentioned in his introduction, occasionally underlining their moral significance¹⁹. Avenoza observes that these marginal glosses are incorporated into the text in other manuscripts (1991: 223). These Castilian glosses derive in part from Canals and his Latin source (BNE, MS 7.540 glossed by Fray Lucas; for example, 'Esta glosa así está en la trasladación catalana donde esto fue sacado'; Escorial, MS h-I-11, fol. 98r). Others, however, may be attributed to Zamora and, possibly, his dedicatee, Fernando Díaz de Toledo (Avenoza 1991: 226; 2001: 50-1).
• Edition: of Canals: Miquel i Planas (1914).
• Bibliography: For prefaces, see Schiff (1905: 133); for translation, manuscripts, cultural context, and commentary tradition, see Buezo (1988) and Avenoza (1991, 1993, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2001); for manuscript layout, see Weiss (1990a: 19); for the glosses by Fray Lucas, see di Stefano (1973).
• References: BETA texid 1962; Catalogus 5: 296-301; Repertorio 51-2 (Canals), 238-42 (Zamora); Riera i Sans (1989: 709).

• Author: Simon Hesdin and Nicolas de Gonesse (but see below).
• Date: 1467 (Viña-Liste 82, n. 225).
• Dedicatee: Juan II of Aragon (1397-1479) and Fernando el Católico (1452-1516).
• Witness: Zaragoza: Pablo Hurus, 1495; Seville: Juan Varela, 1514; Alcalá de Henares: Miguel de Eguía, 1529; Toledo: Juan de Ayala, 1541 [attributed to Fernán Pérez de Guzmán].
• Notes: Integrated into the French translation, and generally overwhelming the source text, is a running commentary on the moral and spiritual significance of events described. Hesdin and Gonesse cite numerous authorities (especially Christian writers), including occasional learned digressions, for example, Valerius' chapter on dreams leads to a synopsis of Macrobius' classification. At the end of each chapter they supplement Valerius with additions from other histories (ancient and modern). These French glosses are heavily indebted to fourteenth-century Latin commentaries by Maistre Denis de Bourg and Luca da Penne. Hesdin explains the work according to the four causes of the Aristotelian accessus (1495: 6r-7r). Though he completed it in 1467, the lack of a competent scribe forced Urríes to wait over twenty years before preparing it for print, dedicating it to Fernando el Católico. His triumphalist preface lends a nationalist resonance to the moral commentary.
• Bibliography: For reception, manuscript tradition and translations of Valerius, see Avenoza (1991, 1993, 1998, 2000); for influence of commentary tradition, see Avenoza (2001).
• References: BETA texid 1779; manid 2198; ISTC iv00046000; Martín Abad 1505; Norton 963; Catalogus 5: 296-301; Repertorio 218-20.

• Author: Fray Alonso de San Cristóbal.
• Date: ad quem 1406.
• Dedicatee: Enrique III (1379-1406).
• Witnesses: Escorial MSS: &-II-18 (manid 1605); P-I-28 (manid 3060); Madrid, BNE, MS 10.445, fols 151ra-153vb (manid 1913; fragment); Madrid, Biblioteca Real, II/569, fols 1r-129r (manid 3312); Paris, BN, fonds esp. 295, fols lr-70r (manid 2478; lacks gloss); Paris, BN, fonds esp. 211 (manid 2477; only 'la glosa explicativa'); Santander, Menéndez y Pelayo, M-94 (olim 351; manid 2132).
• Notes: San Cristóbal announces three elements to his work: after the translation, 'la segunda parte será bien como glosa puesta en la margen del libro, que es de dichos de los sabidores que concuerdan con lo que dize Vegecio e declaran sus dichos en algunos logares. La tercera parte será puesta ayuso, que fablará espiritualmente trayendo los dichos de Vegecio a las vezes a las virtudes e a los pecados e a las costunbres desta vida en que bevimos' (quoted, modernizing orthography, from Fradejas Rueda 2009: 87, also in Russell 2001: 334-5). The extant manuscripts place glosses after the relevant chapter. According to Fradejas Rueda (89), the author planned to place the translation in the centre of each page, with explanatory gloss in left and right margins (possibly also at head of page), with spiritual gloss in the lower margin. Sources principally biblical and patristic, but also numerous classical authorities and chronicles. Like Cartagena, he cross-references his glosses. There is an anonymous compendium (Libro de la guerra) of thirty-six of the 125 chapters of San Cristóbal's version, which ignores his commentary (Scoma 2004; BETA texid 2151).
• Bibliography: For general overviews, with extracts from prefaces see Schiff (1905: 68-76); González Rolán and Suárez-Somonte (1987: 109-20; erroneously dated to reign of Enrique IV); Hernández González (1998: 18-21); more detailed studies by Scudieri Ruggieri (1958); Russell (1997, 2001); Rodríguez Velasco (2001: 122; 2010: 255-7); the manuscript data and interpretations of Russell and Rodríguez Velasco are challenged by Fradejas Rueda (2009).
• References: BETA texid 1747; Catalogus 6: 175-84; 8: 336-40; Repertorio 202-4.

• Author: Enrique de Villena.
• Date: 1427-34 (Cátedra 1994: II, xv-xxi); 1427-8 (BETA).
• Dedicatee: Juan II of Navarre (first draft, completed 1429), then marqués de Santillana (1398-1458).
• Witnesses: Five extant manuscripts of translation of books I-XII. Commentary extant only in BNE, MS 17.975 (books I-III, translation and glosses; manid 1629) and BNE, MS 10.111 (books I-III, glosses only; manid 1618).
• Notes: The first European vernacular commentary on Virgil's poem, left incomplete or abandoned on author's death. Villena translated books I-XII into prose, but completed commentary only on the first three books and on his own introduction. This extensive allegorical reading presents the Aeneid as a speculum vitae humanae (Cátedra 1989: 19); sources include Fulgentius, Servius, Bernard Sylvester. The commentary is also a manifesto for his personal aspirations and for aristocratic lay literacy more generally. His introduction (modelled on the accessus) and commentary provide important theoretical statements about the nature and function of allegory, criticisms of previous scholiasts, and the value of Virgil's encyclopedic poem to readers of all social estates and intellectual abilities. Villena curses scribes who ignore his commentary and copy the translation alone.
• Editions: Critical edition of books I-II: Cátedra (1989); complete, without apparatus: Cátedra (1994: II); prefatory epistle, prologue and translation only of books I-III, Santiago Lacuesta (1979).
• Bibliography: For language and style see Santiago Lacuesta (1979); composition and transmission: see Cátedra (1994: II, xv-xxi); exegetical methods, objectives, and cultural context see Weiss (1990a: 73-83, 84-106, 109-12, 144-51); Miguel-Prendes (1998: esp. 32-40, 168-88); Gilbert-Santamaría (2005); Keightley (2005: 384-7); Valero Moreno (2006); methods of commentary and influence on Santillana: Cátedra (1996).
• References: BETA considers translation and commentary as separate works, providing a texid for each manuscript containing the glosses: BETA 1406 (BNE, 10.111 [lacks translation]), and BETA 1414 (BNE, 17.975 [translation and glosses]); Diccionario, 462-3; Repertorio 228-33.

• Date: 1450-1500.
• Witness: Madrid, Real Academia de la Historia, San Román MS 39, fols 65r-76v.
• Notes: The manuscript is an important collection of translated classical authors (for example, Cicero, Aristotle) and wisdom literature (Walter Burley's De vita et moribus philosophorum); apparently glosses only on Xenophon (BETA, citing Ángel Gómez Moreno), but Gómez Moreno's description of the manuscript makes no mention of them (1988: 326). BETA erroneously attributes the Latin source to Pier Candido Decembrio; Bruni's was the first translation and the most popular (almost 200 manuscripts), first published in Venice, 1471 (no glosses).
• Bibliography: Gómez Moreno (1988: 326-8).
• References: BETA texid 2864; manid 3530; Catalogus 7: 75-196 (Hiero: 149-58). Not registered in Repertorio.

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